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A madhhab (Arabic: مَذْهَب, romanized: madhhab, lit. 'way to act', IPA: [ˈmaðhab], pl. مَذَاهِب, madhāhib, [ˈmaðaːhib]) refers to any school of thought within Islamic jurisprudence. The major Sunni madhhab are Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i and Hanbali. They emerged in the ninth and tenth centuries CE and by the twelfth century almost all Islamic jurists aligned themselves with a particular madhhab. These four schools recognize each other's validity and they have interacted in legal debate over the centuries. Rulings of these schools are followed across the Muslim world without exclusive regional restrictions, but they each came to dominate in different parts of the world. For example, the Maliki school is predominant in North and West Africa; the Hanafi school in South and Central Asia; the Shafi'i school in East Africa and Southeast Asia; and the Hanbali school in North and Central Arabia. The first centuries of Islam also witnessed a number of short-lived Sunni madhhabs. The Zahiri school, which is considered to be endangered, continues to exert influence over legal thought. The development of Shia legal schools occurred along the lines of theological differences and resulted in the formation of the Ja'fari madhhab amongst Twelver Shias, as well as the Isma'ili and Zaidi madhhabs amongst Isma'ilis and Zaidis respectively, whose differences from Sunni legal schools are roughly of the same order as the differences among Sunni schools. The Ibadi legal school, distinct from Sunni and Shia madhhabs, is predominant in Oman. Unlike Sunnis, Shias, and Ibadis, non-denominational Muslims are not affiliated with any madhhab. The transformations of Islamic legal institutions in the modern era have had profound implications for the madhhab system. With the spread of codified state laws in the Muslim world, the influence of the madhhabs beyond personal ritual practice depends on the status accorded to them within the national legal system. State law codification commonly drew on rulings from multiple madhhabs, and legal professionals trained in modern law schools have largely replaced traditional ulama as interpreters of the resulting laws. In the 20th century, some jurists began to assert their intellectual independence from traditional madhhabs. With the spread of Salafi influence and reformist currents in the 20th century; a handful of Salafi scholars have asserted independence from being strictly bound by the traditional legal mechanisms of the four schools. Nevertheless, the majority of Sunni scholarship continues to uphold post-classical creedal belief in rigorously adhering (Taqlid) to one of the four schools in all legal details. The Amman Message, which was endorsed in 2005 by prominent Islamic scholars around the world, recognized four Sunni schools (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, Hanbali), two Shia schools (Ja'fari, Zaidi), the Ibadi school, and the Zahiri school. Schools of Islamic jurisprudence are located in Pakistan, Iran, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, Egypt, Turkey, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Russia, China, the Philippines, Algeria, Libya, Saudi Arabia, and multiple other countries.
Article Title : Madhhab
Article Snippet :for deducing law by the Ja'fari school is: Quran Sunnah Ijtihad of the Imam Sharia (Islamic law) Schools of Islamic theology Islamic schools and branches
Article Title : Law of the European Union
Article Snippet :European Union law is a system of supranational laws operating within the 27 member states of the European Union (EU). It has grown over time since the
Article Title : Law school
Article Snippet :"ABA-approved law schools". americanbar.org. "The State Bar of California: approved law schools". www.calbar.ca.gov. "Unaccredited registered schools" (PDF)
Article Title : Lists of law schools
Article Snippet :of law schools is organized by world region and then country. List of law schools in Egypt Ghana School of Law Louis Arthur Grimes School of Law, University
Article Title : Cornell Law School
Article Snippet :Cornell Law School is the law school of Cornell University, a private, Ivy League university in Ithaca, New York. One of the five Ivy League law schools, Cornell
Article Title : Harvard Law School
Article Snippet :Association of American Law Schools promoted the case method in law schools that sought accreditation. During the 20th century, Harvard Law School was known for
Article Title : Stetson University College of Law
Article Snippet :Sutherland School of Law, a Master in International Economic Law with Toulouse University or a Master in International and European Business Law with Comillas
Article Title : Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law
Article Snippet :law scholars. Cardozo was the second U.S. law school to secure an invitation to The European Law Moot Court Competition, and the first American law school
Article Title : Columbia Law School
Article Snippet :ranking law schools in 1987, Columbia Law had always been rated in the top five (along with Yale, Harvard, and Stanford) until several top law schools, including
Article Title : European contract law
Article Snippet :European contract law represents a strategy working towards a common set of legal principles operating in the field of contract law across the European
The Top 25 Film Schools in the United States
You want to be a film director, a screenwriter or a sound engineer. Maybe you just want to take a class on independent movie producing taught by Matthew McConaughey. Whatever your dream, there is a film school in the United States or abroad that wants your tuition check.
But, of course, not all film schools are created equal. That is why The Hollywood Reporter has been ranking the top 25 programs every year for half a decade. To assemble this year's list, the magazine toured campuses, met with deans and educators, talked to academic and industry experts and observers, and interviewed scores of alums. Multiple factors were weighed during the assigning of these rankings: prestige, practical experience, inspirational teachers, potential career connections and access to cutting-edge equipment (like the VR cameras USC recently acquired). The results on the following pages are nothing if not educational.
University of Southern California Film School
With an annual tuition of $49,464 a year (undergrad), USC always has kept an eye on the future, exploring new ideas and technologies even before Hollywood learns about them. That's one reason why it's The Hollywood Reporter's No. 1 pick for the third year in a row. "They've always been cutting edge," says Marvel president Kevin Feige (class of '95). "When I went, they had Moviolas, video machines, something called EditDroid, the first-ever digital editing machine, and these new machines called Avids. A year after I graduated, I was interning at a big production company at Warner Bros. The editorial team was just starting to talk about digital. I remember thinking, 'Oh you got to use Avids. I learned about this a year ago at USC.' " Another reason University of Southern California is at the top of this list: location, location, location. Being in the belly of the Hollywood beast, in Exposition Park, gives USC access to some of the best teachers in the industry, or at least some of the coolest. Like James Franco, who has been lecturing on independent producing for the last three semesters.
Notable Alumni: Judd Apatow, Doug Liman, George Lucas, Neal Moritz, Jason Reitman, Bryan Singer, John Wells
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